Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-10 (of 10 Records) |
Query Trace: Gerber JS[original query] |
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Amoxicillin versus other antibiotic agents for the treatment of acute otitis media in children
Frost HM , Bizune D , Gerber JS , Hersh AL , Hicks LA , Tsay SV . J Pediatr 2022 251 98-104 e5 OBJECTIVES: To compare the antibiotic treatment failure and recurrence rates between antibiotic agents (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefdinir, and azithromycin) for children with uncomplicated acute otitis media (AOM) STUDY DESIGN: We completed a retrospective cohort study of children 6 months-12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM identified in a nationwide claims database. The primary exposure was antibiotic agent, and the primary outcomes were treatment failure and recurrence. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and analyses were stratified by primary exposure, patient age and antibiotic duration. RESULTS: Among the 1,051,007 children included in the analysis, 56.6% were prescribed amoxicillin, 13.5% amoxicillin-clavulanate, 20.6% cefdinir, and 9.3% azithromycin. Most prescriptions (93%) were for 10 days and 98% were filled within 1 day of the medical encounter. Treatment failure or recurrence occurred in 2.2% (95%CI: 2.1, 2.2) and 3.3% (3.2, 3.3) of children, respectively. Combined failure and recurrence rates were low for all agents including amoxicillin (1.7%; 1.7, 1.8) amoxicillin-clavulanate 11.3% (11.1, 11.5); cefdinir 10.0% (9.8, 10.1); azithromycin 9.8% (9.6, 10.0). CONCLUSIONS: Despite microbiologic changes in AOM etiology, treatment failure and recurrence were uncommon for all antibiotic agents and were lower for amoxicillin than for other agents. These findings support the continued use of amoxicillin as a first-line agent for AOM when antibiotics are prescribed. |
Development of an electronic algorithm to target outpatient antimicrobial stewardship efforts for acute bronchitis and pharyngitis
Lautenbach E , Hamilton KW , Grundmeier R , Neuhauser MM , Hicks LA , Jaskowiak-Barr A , Cressman L , James T , Omorogbe J , Frager N , Menon M , Kratz E , Dutcher L , Chiotos K , Gerber JS . Open Forum Infect Dis 2022 9 (7) ofac273 BACKGROUND: A major challenge for antibiotic stewardship programs is the lack of accurate and accessible electronic data to target interventions. We developed and validated separate electronic algorithms to identify inappropriate antibiotic use for adult outpatients with bronchitis and pharyngitis. METHODS: We used International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnostic codes to identify patient encounters for acute bronchitis and pharyngitis at outpatient practices between 3/15/17 and 3/14/18. Exclusion criteria included immunocompromising conditions, complex chronic conditions, and concurrent infections. We randomly selected 300 eligible subjects each with bronchitis and pharyngitis. Inappropriate antibiotic use based on chart review served as the gold standard for assessment of the electronic algorithm, which was constructed using only data in the electronic data warehouse. Criteria for appropriate prescribing, choice of antibiotic, and duration were based on established guidelines. RESULTS: Of 300 subjects with bronchitis, 167 (55.7%) received an antibiotic inappropriately based on chart review. The electronic algorithm demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity for detection of inappropriate prescribing. Of 300 subjects with pharyngitis, 94 (31.3%) had an incorrect prescribing decision. Among 29 subjects with a positive rapid streptococcal antigen test, 27 (93.1%) received an appropriate antibiotic and 29 (100%) received the correct duration. The electronic algorithm demonstrated very high sensitivity and specificity for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for bronchitis and pharyngitis is common. Electronic algorithms for identifying inappropriate prescribing, antibiotic choice, and duration showed excellent test characteristics. These algorithms could be used to efficiently assess prescribing among practices and individual clinicians. Interventions based on these algorithms should be tested in future work. |
COVID-19 vaccines in children and adolescents
Maldonado YA , O'Leary ST , Ardura MI , Banerjee R , Bryant KA , Campbell JD , Caserta MT , John CC , Gerber JS , Kourtis AP , Ratner AJ , Romero JR , Shah SS , Zangwill KM , Kimberlin DW , Barnett ED , Lynfield R , Sawyer MH , Bernstein HH , Cohn AC , Farizo KM , Halasa NB , Kafer LM , Kim D , LpezMedina E , Moore D , Panagiotakopoulos L , Sauv L , Silverman NS , Starke JR , Tomashek KM , Frantz JM , CommitteeonInfectious Diseases . Pediatrics 2022 149 (1) Vaccines are safe and effective in protecting individuals and populations against infectious diseases. New vaccines are evaluated by a long-standing, rigorous, and transparent process through the US Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), by which safety and efficacy data are reviewed before authorization and recommendation. |
Intrapartum group B Streptococcal prophylaxis and childhood weight gain
Mukhopadhyay S , Bryan M , Dhudasia MB , Quarshie W , Gerber JS , Grundmeier RW , Koebnick C , Sidell MA , Getahun D , Sharma AJ , Spiller MW , Schrag SJ , Puopolo KM . Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2021 106 (6) 649-656 OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference in rate of weight gain from birth to 5 years based on exposure to maternal group B streptococcal (GBS) intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of 13 804 infants. SETTING: Two perinatal centres and a primary paediatric care network in Philadelphia. PARTICIPANTS: Term infants born 2007-2012, followed longitudinally from birth to 5 years of age. EXPOSURES: GBS IAP defined as penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, clindamycin or vancomycin administered ≥4 hours prior to delivery to the mother. Reference infants were defined as born to mothers without (vaginal delivery) or with other (caesarean delivery) intrapartum antibiotic exposure. OUTCOMES: Difference in rate of weight change from birth to 5 years was assessed using longitudinal rate regression. Analysis was a priori stratified by delivery mode and adjusted for relevant covariates. RESULTS: GBS IAP was administered to mothers of 2444/13 804 (17.7%) children. GBS IAP-exposed children had a significantly elevated rate of weight gain in the first 5 years among vaginally-born (adjusted rate difference 1.44% (95% CI 0.3% to 2.6%)) and caesarean-born (3.52% (95% CI 1.9% to 5.2%)) children. At 5 years, the rate differences equated to an additional 0.24 kg among vaginally-born children and 0.60 kg among caesarean-born children. CONCLUSION: GBS-specific IAP was associated with a modest increase in rate of early childhood weight gain. GBS IAP is an effective intervention to prevent perinatal GBS disease-associated morbidity and mortality. However, these findings highlight the need to better understand effects of intrapartum antibiotic exposure on childhood growth and support efforts to develop alternate prevention strategies. |
Pediatric research priorities in healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial stewardship
Coffin SE , Abanyie F , Bryant K , Cantey J , Fiore A , Fritz S , Guzman-Cottrill J , Hersh AL , Huskins WC , Kociolek LK , Kronman M , Lautenbach E , Lee G , Linam M , Logan LK , Milstone A , Newland J , Nyquist AC , Palazzi DL , Patel S , Puopolo K , Reddy SC , Saiman L , Sandora T , Shane AL , Smith M , Tamma PD , Zaoutis T , Zerr D , Gerber JS . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020 42 (5) 1-4 OBJECTIVE: To develop a pediatric research agenda focused on pediatric healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial stewardship topics that will yield the highest impact on child health. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 26 geographically diverse adult and pediatric infectious diseases clinicians with expertise in healthcare-associated infection prevention and/or antimicrobial stewardship (topic identification and ranking of priorities), as well as members of the Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (topic identification). METHODS: Using a modified Delphi approach, expert recommendations were generated through an iterative process for identifying pediatric research priorities in healthcare associated infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. The multistep, 7-month process included a literature review, interactive teleconferences, web-based surveys, and 2 in-person meetings. RESULTS: A final list of 12 high-priority research topics were generated in the 2 domains. High-priority healthcare-associated infection topics included judicious testing for Clostridioides difficile infection, chlorhexidine (CHG) bathing, measuring and preventing hospital-onset bloodstream infection rates, surgical site infection prevention, surveillance and prevention of multidrug resistant gram-negative rod infections. Antimicrobial stewardship topics included β-lactam allergy de-labeling, judicious use of perioperative antibiotics, intravenous to oral conversion of antimicrobial therapy, developing a patient-level "harm index" for antibiotic exposure, and benchmarking and or peer comparison of antibiotic use for common inpatient conditions. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 6 healthcare-associated infection topics and 6 antimicrobial stewardship topics as potentially high-impact targets for pediatric research. |
Prescriber perceptions of fluoroquinolones, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and Clostridioides difficile infection
Szymczak JE , Muller BM , Shakamuri NS , Hamilton KW , Gerber JS , Laguio-Vila M , Dumyati GK , Fridkin SK , Guh AY , Reddy SC , Lautenbach E . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020 41 (8) 1-7 BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) are associated with higher risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Decreasing the unnecessary use of FQs and ESCs is a goal of antimicrobial stewardship. Understanding how prescribers perceive the risks and benefits of FQs and ESCs is needed. METHODS: We conducted interviews with clinicians from 4 hospitals. Interviews elicited respondent perceptions about the risk of ESCs, FQs, and CDI. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a flexible coding approach. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 64 respondents (38 physicians, 7 nurses, 6 advance practice providers, and 13 pharmacists). ESCs and FQs were perceived to have many benefits, including infrequent dosing, breadth of coverage, and greater patient adherence after hospital discharge. Prescribers stated that it was easy to make decisions about these drugs, so they were especially appealing to use in the context of time pressures. They described having difficulty discontinuing these drugs when prescribed by others due to inertia and fear. Prescribers were skeptical about targeting specific drugs as a stewardship approach and felt that the risk of a negative outcome from under treatment of a suspected bacterial infection was a higher priority than the prevention of CDI. CONCLUSIONS: Prescribers in this study perceived many advantages to using ESCs and FQs, especially under conditions of time pressure and uncertainty. In making decisions about these drugs, prescribers balance risk and benefit, and they believed that the risk of CDI was acceptable in compared with the risk of undertreatment. |
A national approach to pediatric sepsis surveillance
Hsu HE , Abanyie F , Agus MSD , Balamuth F , Brady PW , Brilli RJ , Carcillo JA , Dantes R , Epstein L , Fiore AE , Gerber JS , Gokhale RH , Joyner BL Jr , Kissoon N , Klompas M , Lee GM , Macias CG , Puopolo KM , Sulton CD , Weiss SL , Rhee C . Pediatrics 2019 144 (6) Pediatric sepsis is a major public health concern, and robust surveillance tools are needed to characterize its incidence, outcomes, and trends. The increasing use of electronic health records (EHRs) in the United States creates an opportunity to conduct reliable, pragmatic, and generalizable population-level surveillance using routinely collected clinical data rather than administrative claims or resource-intensive chart review. In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recruited sepsis investigators and representatives of key professional societies to develop an approach to adult sepsis surveillance using clinical data recorded in EHRs. This led to the creation of the adult sepsis event definition, which was used to estimate the national burden of sepsis in adults and has been adapted into a tool kit to facilitate widespread implementation by hospitals. In July 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a new multidisciplinary pediatric working group to tailor an EHR-based national sepsis surveillance approach to infants and children. Here, we describe the challenges specific to pediatric sepsis surveillance, including evolving clinical definitions of sepsis, accommodation of age-dependent physiologic differences, identifying appropriate EHR markers of infection and organ dysfunction among infants and children, and the need to account for children with medical complexity and the growing regionalization of pediatric care. We propose a preliminary pediatric sepsis event surveillance definition and outline next steps for refining and validating these criteria so that they may be used to estimate the national burden of pediatric sepsis and support site-specific surveillance to complement ongoing initiatives to improve sepsis prevention, recognition, and treatment. |
Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010-2011
Fleming-Dutra KE , Hersh AL , Shapiro DJ , Bartoces M , Enns EA , File TM Jr , Finkelstein JA , Gerber JS , Hyun DY , Linder JA , Lynfield R , Margolis DJ , May LS , Merenstein D , Metlay JP , Newland JG , Piccirillo JF , Roberts RM , Sanchez GV , Suda KJ , Thomas A , Woo TM , Zetts RM , Hicks LA . JAMA 2016 315 (17) 1864-73 IMPORTANCE: The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria set a goal of reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use by 50% by 2020, but the extent of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rates of outpatient oral antibiotic prescribing by age and diagnosis, and the estimated portions of antibiotic use that may be inappropriate in adults and children in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, annual numbers and population-adjusted rates with 95% confidence intervals of ambulatory visits with oral antibiotic prescriptions by age, region, and diagnosis in the United States were estimated. EXPOSURES: Ambulatory care visits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on national guidelines and regional variation in prescribing, diagnosis-specific prevalence and rates of total and appropriate antibiotic prescriptions were determined. These rates were combined to calculate an estimate of the appropriate annual rate of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population. RESULTS: Of the 184,032 sampled visits, 12.6% of visits (95% CI, 12.0%-13.3%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Sinusitis was the single diagnosis associated with the most antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population (56 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 48-64]), followed by suppurative otitis media (47 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 41-54]), and pharyngitis (43 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 38-49]). Collectively, acute respiratory conditions per 1000 population led to 221 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 198-245) annually, but only 111 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate for these conditions. Per 1000 population, among all conditions and ages combined in 2010-2011, an estimated 506 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 458-554) were written annually, and, of these, 353 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate antibiotic prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the United States in 2010-2011, there was an estimated annual antibiotic prescription rate per 1000 population of 506, but only an estimated 353 antibiotic prescriptions were likely appropriate, supporting the need for establishing a goal for outpatient antibiotic stewardship. |
Point-of-prescription interventions to improve antimicrobial stewardship
Hamilton KW , Gerber JS , Moehring R , Anderson DJ , Calderwood MS , Han JH , Mehta JM , Pollack LA , Zaoutis T , Srinivasan A , Camins BC , Schwartz DN , Lautenbach E . Clin Infect Dis 2015 60 (8) 1252-8 Antimicrobial stewardship is pivotal to improving patient outcomes, reducing adverse events, decreasing healthcare costs, and preventing further emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In an era in which antimicrobial resistance is increasing, judicious antimicrobial use is the responsibility of every healthcare provider. While antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have made headway in improving antimicrobial prescribing using such "top-down" methods as formulary restriction and prospective audit with feedback, engagement of prescribers has not been fully explored. Strategies that include frontline prescribers and other unit-based healthcare providers have the potential to expand stewardship, both to augment existing centralized ASPs and to provide alternative approaches to perform stewardship at healthcare facilities with limited resources. This review discusses interventions focusing on antimicrobial prescribing at the point of prescription as well as a pilot project to engage unit-based healthcare providers in antimicrobial stewardship. |
Race, otitis media, and antibiotic selection
Fleming-Dutra KE , Shapiro DJ , Hicks LA , Gerber JS , Hersh AL . Pediatrics 2014 134 (6) 1059-66 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggests that physicians may be less likely to diagnose otitis media (OM) and to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics for black versus nonblack children. Our objective was to determine whether race is associated with differences in OM diagnosis and antibiotic prescribing nationally. METHODS: We examined OM visit rates during 2008 to 2010 for children ≤14 years old using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We compared OM visits between black and nonblack children, as percentages of all outpatient visits and visit rates per 1000. We compared antibiotic prescribing by race as the percentage of OM visits receiving narrow-spectrum (eg, amoxicillin) versus broader-spectrum antibiotics. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine whether race was independently associated with antibiotic selection for OM. RESULTS: The percentage of all visits resulting in OM diagnosis was 30% lower in black children compared with others (7% vs 10%, P = .004). However, OM visits per 1000 population were not different between black and nonblack children (253 vs 321, P = .12). When diagnosed with OM during visits in which antibiotics were prescribed, black children were less likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics than nonblack children (42% vs 52%, P = .01). In multivariable analysis, black race was negatively associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing (adjusted odds ratio 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in treatment choice for black children with OM may indicate race-based differences in physician practice patterns and parental preferences for children with OM. |
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